Essay on Problems of Drug Addictions - 3148 Words

Problems of Drug Addictions Drugs have been a major issue for society for much of the 20th century. Drugs are something that effect everyone, regardless of race or financial standing. They not only affect the user but also how are society is shaped. There are literally hundreds of drugs currently available. All seemingly have the same affect on the user and no matter how potent or illicit, they effect the body and mind negatively. Besides these negative effects, there is the financial aspect that has affected users through many generations. Whether rich or poor, chemicals are needed by the body and the user for the feel of an intense high. Above and beyond all, there is the criminal element that always comes into play for society. Both†¦show more content†¦This generally leads to other drug usage, and usually harder drugs like cocaine and herion which can cause major problems for the human body. Depressants include mostly the drug known as [delta#8209;9#8209;tetradrocannabinol] or otherwise known as marijuana (Pradhan). Cannabis, which is obtained from the plant cannabis sativa, effects the central nervous system of the brain. It is grown widely across the world and is harvested as a cash crop in many countries. There are two main types: the dried leaves and buds are known as marijuana, as a solid resin it either then becomes hashish or hash. This is collected from the flower head then processed into a thick liquid, prepared in a resin. All of these preparations can be, either eaten or smoked. In some cultures, there are some herbal medicines used in many countries as a painkiller for treatment of glaucoma, insomnia in a the short#8209; term effect of the drug. There is no conclusive evidence that long#8209;term use of cannabis can cause damage to physical and mental health. Studies have found that prolonged heavy use does cause physical damage to the brain and short#8209;te rm memory loss has been reported in several investigations Walter L. Way (The Drug Scene Prentice#8209;Hall 1970 p. 25). Short term effects of marijuana can impair coordination, attention, and memory, which could become hazardous. Barbiturates are also considered aShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Drug Addiction1233 Words   |  5 PagesThis report will outline the problems of drug addiction that have arisen in the young teens and as well give possible solutions on how to overcome it. Drug addiction, increasing immensely in our society, is currently the biggest problem in young teens these days. Looking at the future of our country drowning in drugs is a big disappointment. To prevent drug addiction parents should guide their children into the right path, schools should promote healthy living, and the government should step forwardRead MoreDrug Addiction Problem1399 Words   |  6 PagesSolving the Problem of Drug Addiction 1.Drug abuse and addiction continues to be a global issue. According to the â€Å"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime† (UNODC), about 5% of the global population used an illicit drug in 2010 alone, and about 27 million or 0.6 percent of the adult population of the world can be categorized as drug abusers. A7 2.This paper explores some of the measures that can be taken to resolve the drug addiction problem in the world. 3.Addressing various risk and protectiveRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction974 Words   |  4 Pagesan addiction, whether a person is addicted to alcohol, methamphetamines, marijuana or over the counter drugs, people often have different sides to this. Some may say that an addiction is a disease; others say that an addiction is just a poor choice of a person’s life. The National Institute on Drug Abuse states that â€Å"†¦drug addiction is a complex disease, and quitting takes more than good intentions or a strong will. In fact, because drugs change the brain in ways that foster compulsive drug abuseRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction952 Words   |  4 Pagesperson initially taking drugs can vary and while the action itself is voluntary: the eventual drug addiction is essentially involuntary. Drug addiction is a complex and chronic disease, a brain disease, which changes the way the brain functions. Drug addiction, much like chronic illnesses such as heart disea se and diabetes, disrupts healthy, normal functioning organs. This has harmful consequences that are both preventable and treatable (Branch, 2011, pp.263-265). Drug addiction is considered a brainRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction930 Words   |  4 Pagesconsumed alcohol, 15% have smoked cigarettes, and 16.5% have used marijuana. † A drug can be defined as a something which â€Å"alters your mind or body that is not food † which is something all of these substances have in common. There has been a massive increase in underage consumption of illegal substances in the last several decades. These substances which young people are using are known for being very addictive. Addiction is much more likely to occur when started at a young age and having more severeRead MoreThe Problems of Drug Addiction954 Words   |  4 PagesDrug addiction A reasonable number of people do not understand why other people get addicted to drugs. Some even associate drug abuse and addiction with lack of moral principles or willpower. People subscribing to this school of thought believe that drug addicts can stop using drugs by simply changing their behavior. They fail to realize that drug addiction is a complex disease whose eradication calls for many things other than changing habits. Drugs basically change the way a human brain worksRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction1796 Words   |  8 Pages Drug addiction has long been and still is a typical issue around the world. Jesmyn Ward writes about the effect of drug addiction in her community in DeLisle and the toll it took in her life and Rog’s life. There are different reason why people get addicted and various levels to which people become dependent on drugs, but the main thing I am going to be addressing is the multiple perspective on the causes for addiction. The ones I am going to explore are Low Income neighborhoods, social, financialRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction967 Words   |  4 PagesDrug addiction is an ever-growing problem faced in society and, although the government tries to take action to keep drugs off the streets, people of all social classes and backgrounds still fall victim to drug abuse. However, environmental situations can make an individual more susceptible: age, gender, location, genetics, family situations and the like can all be factors into an individuals’ drug habit. There are complications with picking the correct plan suited to a person. Each client is theirRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction1042 Words   |  5 PagesOPENING/ATTENTION: In reality, drug addiction is an unpredictable ailment, and stopping takes more than great goals or an in number will. Truth be told, because drugs change the mind in ways that cultivate compulsive drug misuse, stopping is troublesome, notwithstanding for the individuals why should prepared do as such The dependence on medications is a troublesome thing for any person to bargain with. Often, habit prompts the decay of a man s prosperity, budgetary security, and health. Drug addicts experienceRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction2110 Words   |  9 PagesMODEL(S) OF ADDICTION In going through the counseling process with Marge she was explained that there is the possibility that it could be a factor of genetics. When considering her background one has realized that she not only has an alcohol addiction, but it was the same for her father and her uncle, both of whom had lost their lives to the disease. In talking about the disease model with Marge she seemed to be more at ease with the situation and more willing to accept the fact that she does have

The Importance Of The American Dream - 1547 Words

The American Dream, an ideal first defined by James Truslow Adams in the 1931 novel Epic of America. Adams (1931) defined the dream as, The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone... (p. 214). The dream of our ancestors has not changed with the passage of time, but achieving the dream has become much more difficult for the average American. Reviewing data compiled the last few decades paints a bleak picture, wage disparities have increased, savings rates fell, pension plan failures have increased, and benefits provided by private defined benefit plans and the US Government continue to see reductions. These sobering facts drive home the need to ensure your own financial†¦show more content†¦This lack of knowledge translates directly into lower saving rates and investment habits. Currently, less than 48% of adults in the United State have savings invested in stocks, one of the best potential options to accumulat e funds for an emergency or retirement. Various options do exist, however, to aid an individual uncomfortable with investing. A passive investor could utilize a broker, a broker is a representative who buys and sells investments on behalf of an individual. However, brokers can be quite expenses to engage as they receive commissions on each buy or sell transaction they execute. Using a broker has other potential drawbacks, an unscrupulous broker may engage in excessive trading to line their pockets with commissions, in a practice known as churning. In addition, a broker may steer you towards investments that are in the brokerage firms best interest, not yours. A potentially less risky option available for investing is to work with an advisor. An advisor provides recommendations, generally do not receive commissions, but receive compensation on a percentage of invested assets. Many excellent firms will provide investment advisory services, but these services often entail a range of fe es. The median fee range is, .50% for high net worth clients to 1.50% for clients with smaller account balances on top of hourly fees. Herein lies the bad news forShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of The American Dream918 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are some individuals who want the American dream, such as non-Americans. Even though immigrants essentially founded the American dream as the thirteen colonies expanded, current bans preventing entry from certain countries and regulations attempting to deport others seem to rip that dream out of their grasp. Contrary to popular beliefs, the American dream is not the white picket fence vision we were taught in high school history. Instead, the American dream is the desire to live comfortably withinRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream918 Words   |  4 Pageswork through the American Dream, but for one American, Lilly Ledbetter, success has not always come that easily. While working for GoodYear, Ledbetter learned that she was earni ng less money than her male counterparts. In addition, she was being sexually harassed by her coworkers and punished with poor reviews when she did not comply with their suggestions. As a result, even though Ledbetter worked just as much, if not more, than her male co workers, she was not rewarded as the Dream promises. ThereRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1321 Words   |  6 PagesFormer First Lady, Michelle Obama, eloquently summarized the American Dream at the Democratic National Convention in 2012. â€Å"Barack knows the American Dream because hes lived it...and he wants everyone in this country to have that same opportunity, no matter who we are, or where were from, or what we look like, or who we love. And he believes that when youve worked hard, and done well, and walked through that doorway of opportunity...you do not slam it shut behind you...you reach back, and youRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream916 Words   |  4 Pages During the 21st century, there has been a realignment of both social classes and habits due to the events of the last 20 years that make the American dream of the second half of the 20th century impossible to attain. According to Dictionary.com, the American dream is the ideals of opportunity, freedoms, and equality for all Americans. The Am erican dream can no longer be attained for many reasons, but one big reason would be that people of this generation’s interests are not the same of those ofRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1363 Words   |  6 Pages its possible to achieve the American dream.† -Tommy Hilfiger. What is the American dream? How is it possible to achieve the American dream if there are large corporations ruining it for the companies trying to reach such dream? The American dream consists of the ideal that every US citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative. What about those who are starting a new business whose dream is to become a large organizationRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1231 Words   |  5 Pageswanted to be successful and powerful. The American Dream or the idea that everyone in the U.S. has an equal opportunity to succeed has been around since 1931. The problem with the American dream today is that in reality people don’t have the same opportunities as they used to. The American Dream may actually just be a dream with no real evidence to prove it’s true. Rana Foroohar, author of â€Å"What Ever Happened to Upward Mobility,† discusses why the American Dream isn’t the same as it used to be and howRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1057 Words   |  5 Pagesthis country today don’t believe that the American dream is alive. Fifty-nine percent of those polled in June agreed that â€Å"the American dream has become impossible for most people to achieve. More and more Americans believe there is â€Å"not much opportunity† to get ahead†(Alternet). Many adults of the middle and lower classes American population no longer the American dream is no longer attainable because most if not all of the key elements of the American dream are no longer attainable. With financialRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1732 Words   |  7 PagesTo achieve the American Dream, one must work hard and have the dedication to be successful. There are myths relating to this dream leaving lower class members to wonder if the dream exists for them. People in lower class are told if they want to be successful they must put in hard work and true effort. Once they do, they see that they are remaining in the same position they started in. In â€Å"Class of America-2012,† Gregory Mantsios states the ideas of class in the US and explains them. One myth addressedRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream773 Words   |  4 PagesThe American dream has changed drastically thru our history. Back in the 1950 and 1960 the American dream was to have the house with the white picket fence and the 2  ½ kids. Now the dream for a lot of people is to be able to pay their bills and maybe have enough money to go out for a nice little dinner that you did not have to cook yourself. The American dream is dead, it is because the concept has changed from the idea that everyone can improve their life through hard work to the idea that everyoneRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream, an ideal first defined by James Truslow Adams in the 1931 novel Epic of America. Adams (1931) defined the dream as, The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone... (p. 214). The dream of our ancestors has not changed with the passage of time, but achieving the dream has become much more difficult for the average American. Reviewing data compiled the last few decades paints a bleak picture, wage disparities have

Rising Immigration Rate of Canada Free Essays

Immigrants make up a considerable proportion of the Canadian population. At the time of the 1991 Census, there were 4. 3 million immigrants living in Canada, which is 16% of the total Canadian population. We will write a custom essay sample on Rising Immigration Rate of Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now (See Graph 1, Immigrants as a Percentage of Canada’s Population, 1901-1996) Over the past decades the level of immigration in Canada has increased from an average of 137 000 immigrants arriving in Canada in the 1960s to an average of about 200 000 in 1998. See Table1, Annual Immigration Plan 1998) The largest share of immigrants admitted into Canada are in the economic class, in 1994, close to half of the new immigrants coming to Canada were economic class immigrants. Immigration is needed to maintain the Canadian population; â€Å"Canada will be an aging society with such a low birth rate that it will soon be unable to sustain its population without sustained immigration. † Immigrants are a source of labour to the Canadian economy; immigrants are as likely as people born in Canada to be employed, and many are skilled workers that the Canadian economy is in need of. Business class, investor and entrepreneur immigrant help to provide job opportunities in the economy, and also generate more economic activities and income for the Canadian economy. â€Å"Analysis of data from the household/family file of the 1981 Canadian Census of Population reveals that, regardless of origin, immigrants benefit the Canadian-born population through the public treasury. † Immigrants are an aid to the Canadian economy as a result of its ability to sustain the aging population, to provide labour, and job opportunities. Firstly, Canada, like other rich countries of the world, will become an aging society with such a low birth rate; Canada will soon be unable to maintain its population without taking in immigrants. The low birth rate will soon lead to a shortage of future workers for the labour force. As we enter into the twenty-first century, there will be more older people requiring pensions, and in need of extra health care, but there will not be enough young workers entering the job market to support these needs. The fertility rate in Canada is roughly 1. 66, which is below the replacement rate of 2. and less than half the fertility rate of 3. 63 during the baby boom. Despite the number of children is currently growing because the large number of baby boomers are having children, â€Å"this so-called echo effect will have run its course by the early part of the next century so that, in the absence of much higher immigration, Canada’s population will begin to decline. † According to Statistics Canada, the Canadian population will stabilize at 31 million in 2026 if the fertility rate of 1. 66 is maintained and 140 000 immigrants are accepted per year, and it will then begin to decline. If the rate of immigration is raised to 200 000 per year, the population will stabilize in 2035, at 34 million, before it begins to decline. The immigrant population is older, on average, than the Canadian-born population because immigrants tend to arrive in their prime working years. Also, it must be noted that children born to immigrants are included in the Canadian-born population rather than the immigrant population. Secondly, of all immigrants accepted into Canada, close to 50% are in the economic class consisting of business immigrants and skilled workers. See Table 2, Immigration Levels, 1998 Canada, Quebec* and Other Provinces) Most immigrants tend to arrive in their prime working years. Immigrants living in Canada are more likely than people born in Canada to have a university degree, in 1991, 14% of immigrants aged 15 and over had a university degree, while only 11% of people born in Canada had a university degree. Immigrants with post-secondary qualifications are more likely than those born in Canada with post-secondary qualifications to be graduates of professional programs in engineering, mathematics, and applied science. See Graph 2, Economic Category Persons Admitted, 1994-1996) For example, in 1991, 17% of immigrant men were graduates of these programs, where there were only 9% of Canadian-born men were graduates of these programs. Immigrants are also more likely than people born in Canada to have full-time, full-year jobs. In 1991, 63% of employed immigrant men and 50% of employed immigrant women worked at full-time, full-year jobs, compared to 59% of Canadian-born men, and 45% of Canadian-born women. According to Employment and Immigration Canada, in 1989-95 the fastest growing occupations include computer programmers and system analysts, data processing equipment operators, and technical salespersons, as well as occupations in health care. But fact is that Canada does not have enough skilled workers to work in these fields, therefore Canada must import workers skilled in these fields, and immigration is the best way to import these workers. There is a higher percentage of immigrant men working in professional or management occupations then Canadian-born men. In 1991, 32% of immigrant men worked in these fields, while only 27% of Canadian-born men worked in these fields. (See Table 4, Comparison of Employment between Immigrant and Canadian-Born Workers) Canada, like other industrial countries will be facing a shortage in skilled workers; Canada will have to open its borders to increased immigration by foreign workers, especially workers with education and skills. â€Å"In fact, industrial countries could find themselves competing for certain types of foreign workers. â€Å" How to cite Rising Immigration Rate of Canada, Essay examples

Innovative Activities Analysis of Wesfarmers-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.What is its Present Portfolio of Innovative activity? Identify its strengths and weaknesses. 2.Based on the gaps, Identify new targets for Strategic Innovation for that Company. Answers: Introduction Wesfarmers Limited is involved in several business operations that include supermarkets, hotels, convenience stores along with office supplies and home improvement. The company has its operations in a network for over 300 stores along with selling a great range of offerings including home wares, apparel and general merchandise. Segments of the company include home improvement, Wesfarmers along with department stores that encompasses Target and Kmart, industrials, office works that encompass WIS, resources, WesCEF and many more (Akbar and Ahsan 2014). The company is also a Public Company that is ranked among the best 2000 companies within Australia. Moreover, Wesfarmers Company generates most of its income from its supermarkets along with grocery stores within Australian retail sector. The company owns a diversified businesses portfolio that operates within hardware, supermarket along with department stores, coal mining and the safety product industries. Objective of the paper is to a nalyse the innovative activities carried out by Wesfarmers Company along with evaluating the current portfolio of the companys innovative activity (Elsner 2013). Moreover, strengths and weaknesses of such activities will also be explained. Moreover, relied on the success of the innovative activities and based on gaps new targets for strategic innovation for the company. 1.Wesfarmers: Innovation strategies carried out thought the last 10 years Innovation 01: Wesfarmers New Strategy in Safeguarding Wesfarmers Growth- A Christmas spending overdo it at Wesfarmers' huge name retail chains, including Wesfarmers, Office works and Bunnings, gave a truly necessary security net for the combination and its troubled asset division, which drooped to a $118 million profit misfortune on powerless coal costs in the a half year to December 31. Wesfarmers profit before intrigue along with duty developed by 5.6 for every penny to $ 945 million in the half. Strengths of the strategy was deemed to be that the price cuts to renowned fresh lines such as Chicken breast and roasted chicken were enabling increased growth within fresh sector in comparison to increased grocery sales (Hubbard, Rice and Galvin 2014). Weakness of the strategy was revealed to be is deemed to be the fact that investment within grocery prices that was not observed to be stronger within the second quarter in comparison to first and has driven largest price gap among Wesfarmers along with its competitor Wesfarmers since Wesfarmers brought regarding the chain (Kelly and Donegan 2014). It is deemed a challenging market. However, another weakness is observed to be the challenging market and all the money that have been saved within operational advantage is put back within the business future. Figure 1: 4Ps of Innovation Space (Source: Pinto, Knights and Hine 2015) Innovation 02: Remodelling Business Structure Strategy- In accordance with developing diversified business structure Wesfarmers Company serves as the major strength of the company. Such success has facilitated the company in developing strategies Wesfarmers had numerous activities making a course for its enhancement (Pinto, Knights and Hine 2015). That could be group organizations (a fundamental factor for a long haul achievement in business through supporting groups), vitality effectiveness (a productive strategy for diminishing carbon outflows and cost of vitality use by utilizing new innovations) or judicious capital administration (an approach to enable value to raise and obligation decrease) (Murray 2013). In addition, a large portion of these activities have originated from performing group and manageability duties which way the Company has pursued its business enhancement objective. Innovation 03: Product Innovation- Before the finish of 2017, Wesfarmers will have finished audits of the greater part of its classifications (Duckett and Breadon 2013). In spite of the fact that it could mean at last a few brands are stripped from its passageways because of duplication, Wesfarmers trusts its new range survey administration that will incorporate interestingly a two-year timetable. This will help "unclog the veins" of its merchandise pipeline to put up new items for sale to the public and at a snappier pace. Wesfarmers will issue its providers with another settled two year extend audit timetable, The Australian has learnt, with the quantity of reviews crosswise over key nourishment classifications in a given logbook year to rise so the country's second-biggest store chain can rapidly rearrange its sustenance and grocery advertising (Tonts and Taylor 2013). The new activities could help give Wesfarmers the edge as opponent Wesfarmers pushes ahead with its own shake-up of provider dealings to offer a superior item range to customers and resuscitate its own particular stores deals and income profile. As the general store wars warm up once more, item go is set to be as vital as cost in winning over clients from match stores. Range audits are a basic occasion for all nourishment and basic need makers (Hubbard, Rice and Galvin 2014). Their brands could be stripped from the racks and supplanted with competitor brands or their merchandise could triumph over the competition and be given more retire space. An audit is likewise a period when providers can entice retailers with mark advancements. 2.Wesfarmers: Innovation strategies that must be carried out in future years: Innovation 01: Wesfarmers fundamentally will consider offering a wide range of basic need things as a piece of their showcasing blend. They incorporate vegetables, natural products, meat and bundled items. Innovation 02: Wesfarmers right now works 1000 stores in Australia. Among them 950 are general stores and the other is comfort stores. They additionally must consider working through online stage. In the meantime, they have as of late built up a portable application for the buys. Innovation 03: Promotion has dependably been of sharp significance for Wesfarmers. They have always been developing in the same. Wesfarmers must offer different Loyalty Schemes for clients, which incorporate oil pump rebates. Innovation 04: Wesfarmers must endeavour to keep up comparative or somewhat higher costs than in advertise. Having learnt that it offers assortment of premium brands in evolved way of life, the costs are kept focused in the market. Innovation 05: Simple openness and accessibility must attain them faithful clients. Wesfarmers must offer broad arrangements and offers for the customers. They additionally should give away gift vouchers. They must do broad advancement by means of the online media. Product: Wesfarmers is a main Australian retailer. Wesfarmers fundamentally will consider offering a wide range of basic need things as a piece of their showcasing blend. They incorporate vegetables, natural products, meat and bundled items. Wesfarmersmust likewise begin offering magazines, dvds and stationery things. Inside every classification Wesfarmersmust offer an extensive assortment of decision identifying with mark, nearby deliver, global cooking. In this way, it does not leave the client disappointed concerning decision (Cheng, Green and Ko 2014). Figure 1: Product Innovation Strategies (Source: Authors Creation) Woolworth specialists must consider looking after quality must endorse the scope of items. Wesfarmersmust have a differentiated item go from packs, adornments, furniture, sheets, house-wares to dress and extras. This must extend has helped the organization provide food the overall needs of the clients like the one stop store for them. Price: Wesfarmers endeavours to keep up comparative or somewhat higher costs than in advertise. Having learnt that it offers assortment of premium brands in evolved way of life, the costs are kept focused in the market. Likewise, Wesfarmers must serve the shopper section leaning toward low costs and in addition premium costs (Cheng, Green and Ko2014). Visit customer club is a reward program at Tasmania stores, which offers $20 vouchers for each 2000 focuses accumulated. They additionally must offer Wesfarmers shopping card, which consequently tracks buys and furthermore offers fuel rebates pertinent so there is no compelling reason to hold paper receipts. Figure 2: Price Innovation Strategies (Source: Authors Creation) Place: Wesfarmers right now works 1000 stores in Australia. Among them 950 are general stores and the other is comfort stores. They additionally must consider working through online stage. In the meantime, they have as of late built up a portable application for the buys. Figure 3: Place Innovation Strategies (Source: Authors Creation) They have following private name brands-Woolworth Homebrand, Woolworth Select, Wesfarmers gold, Wesfarmers Fresh. In New Zealand it exchanges Countdown. The retail chains must utilize the name of this brand are situated in Mexico, Austria, Germany and furthermore United Kingdoms. In South Africa Woolworth run stores like Marks N Spencer. Wesfarmersshould consider having outlets in these locales and has a wide conveyance organize (Akbar and Ahsan 2014). Promotion: Promotion has dependably been of sharp significance for Wesfarmers. They have always been developing in the same. Wesfarmers must offer different Loyalty Schemes for clients, which incorporate oil pump rebates. In the current years, they must propel a Fresh Food People battle that went ahead until 2012. They must utilize online media and in addition magazines and pamphlets for productive advancement (Murray 2013). Figure 4: Promotion Innovation Strategies (Source: Authors Creation) Simple openness and accessibility must attainthem faithful clients. Wesfarmersmust offer broad arrangements and offers for the customers. They additionally should give away gift vouchers. They must do broad advancement by means of the online media. They additionally must consider having online stores and offer rebates to draw in the group. A broad limited time channel will encourage the organization to achieve the objective fragment and gain benefit in the market. Conclusion Objective of the paper was to analyse the innovative activities carried out by Wesfarmers Company along with evaluating the current portfolio of the companys innovative activity. Moreover, strengths and weaknesses of such activities will also be explained. It is gathered from the paper that strengths of the strategy was deemed to be that the price cuts to renowned fresh lines such as Chicken breast and roasted chicken were enabling increased growth within fresh sector in comparison to increased grocery sales. Weakness of the strategy was revealed to be is deemed to be the fact that investment within grocery prices that was not observed to be stronger within the second quarter in comparison to first and has driven largest price gap among Wesfarmers along with its competitor Wesfarmers since Wesfarmers brought regarding the chain. It is deemed a challenging market. Considering such innovation gaps within strategies developed by Wesfarmers innovation strategies through 4Ps analysis was conducted related with the organization income and different systems will be assembled with the impact of which organization would have the capacity to create more income and will be capable accomplish upper hand in the market. Reference List Akbar, S. and Ahsan, K., 2014. Analysis of corporate social disclosure practices of Australian retail firms.International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting,6(4), pp.375-396. Akbar, S. and Ahsan, K., 2014. Analysis of corporate social disclosure practices of Australian retail firms.International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting,6(4), pp.375-396. Bakhtiari, S., 2017. Entrepreneurship Dynamics in Australia: Lessons from Micro-Data. Cheng, M.M., Green, W.J. and Ko, J.C.W., 2014. The impact of strategic relevance and assurance of sustainability indicators on investors' decisions.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(1), pp.131-162. Duckett, S. and Breadon, P., 2013. Access all areas: new solutions for GP shortages in rural Australia. Elsner, S., 2013.Retail internationalization: Analysis of market entry modes, format transfer and coordination of retail activities. Springer Science Business Media. Hubbard, G., Rice, J. and Galvin, P., 2014.Strategic management. Pearson Australia. Hubbard, G., Rice, J. and Galvin, P., 2014.Strategic management. Pearson Australia. Kelly, J.F. and Donegan, P., 2014. Mapping Australias economy. Murray, B., 2013. Creating a Culture for Innovation.Effective Executive,16(1), p.55. Pinto, P.E., Knights, P. and Hine, D., 2015. The design of publicly funded RD consortia: preliminary learnings from a longitudinal field-case study. InDRUID15 Conference on the Relevance of Innovation. DRUID Society. Tonts, M. and Taylor, M., 2013. The shifting geography of corporate headquarters in Australia: A longitudinal analysis.Regional Studies,47(9), pp.1507-1522.

Royal Family free essay sample

The British Royal Family is the group of close relatives of the monarch of the United Kingdom. The term is also commonly applied to the same group of people who are the relations of the monarch in her or his role as sovereign of any of the other Commonwealth realms, thus sometimes at variance with official national terms for the family. Members of the Royal Family belong to, either by birth or marriage, the House of Windsor, since 1917, when George V changed the name of the royal house from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. This decision was primarily taken because Britain and her Empire were at war with Germany and given the British Royal Familys strong German ancestry; it was felt that its public image could be improved by choosing a more British house name. The new name chosen, Windsor, had absolutely no connection other than as the name of the castle which was and continues to be a royal residence. We will write a custom essay sample on Royal Family or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although in the United Kingdom there is no strict legal or formal definition of who is or is not a member of the Royal Family, and different lists will include different people, those carrying the style Her or His Majesty (HM), or Her or His Royal Highness (HRH) are always considered members, which usually results in the application of the term to the monarch, the consort of the monarch, the widowed consorts of previous monarchs, the children of the monarch and previous monarchs, the male-line grandchildren of the monarch and previous monarchs, and the spouses and the widows of a monarchs and previous monarchs sons and male-line grandsons. On 30 November 1917, King George V issued Letters Patent defining who are members of the Royal Family. The present royal house (ruling family) is the House of Windsor and Elizabeth II is descended from William I (1066–1097), and before that from Egbert, King of Wessex 802–39. The monarch or sovereign (king or queen) originally had sole power but over time the sovereign’s powers have been reduced and, though the present Queen is still head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, she acts on the advice of her ministers and Britain is in practice governed by Her Majesty’s Government. The Queen has some official duties, such as opening a new session of Parliament and giving royal assent to new laws, but her main role is as a representative of Britain and the British people. She is also head of the Commonwealth and works to strengthen links between member countries. Other members of the royal family also represent Britain, act as patrons of British cultural organizations and support the work of charities. Through most of the 20th century, the royal family were only seen on formal occasions and remained distant and dignified. United Kingdom is a monarchy which used the equal primogeniture in the succession to the throne. Equal Primogeniture is also known as Cognatic Primogeniture that gives the right to the firstborn child to inherit the entire estate. Cognatic primogeniture allows a female to succeed if she has no living brothers and no deceased brothers who left surviving legitimate descendents. In October 2011, Queen Elizabeth II change the law in which the firstborn child regardless of gender. In the absence of children, inheritance passed to collateral relatives, in order of seniority of their lines of descent.

How Income Inequality Affects Minority Workers

How Income Inequality Affects Minority Workers It’s no secret that white households in the United States take in significantly more income than black and Latino households do, fueling racial inequality. What’s to blame for this discrepancy? It’s not just that whites work in higher paying jobs than their minority counterparts do. Even when whites and minorities both work in the same field- management, for instance- these income gaps don’t disappear. Women and people of color continue to bring home less than white men do because of the pervasiveness of income inequality. A vast amount of research indicates that minority workers are literally being shortchanged in their paychecks. The Effect of the Great Recession The Great Recession of 2007 had an adverse effect on all American workers. For African  American and Hispanic laborers in particular, the recession proved devastating. The racial wealth gap that existed before the economic downturn only widened. In a study called â€Å"State of Communities of Color in the U.S. Economy,† the Center for American Progress (CAP) pinpointed just how much minority employees suffered during the recession. The study found that blacks and Latinos brought in on average $674 and $549, respectively, per week. Meanwhile, whites earned $744 per week, and Asians earned $866 per week during the fourth quarter of 2011. Contributing to this pay gap is that higher numbers of African Americans and Hispanics than whites and Asians worked in jobs that paid minimum wage or less. The amount of black minimum wage workers rose by 16.6 percent from 2009 to 2011, and the number of Latino minimum wage workers rose by 15.8 percent, CAP found. On the other hand, the number of white minimum wage workers rose by just 5.2 percent. The amount of Asian minimum wage workers actually dropped by 15.4 percent. Occupational Segregation In February 2011, the Economic Policy Institute released a paper about racial disparities in income called â€Å"Whiter Jobs, Higher Wages.† The paper suggests that occupational segregation contributes to racial gaps in the pay scale. EPI found that â€Å"in occupations where black men are underrepresented, the average annual salary is $50,533; in occupations where black men are overrepresented, the average annual salary is $37,005, more than $13,000 less.† Black men are extremely underrepresented in â€Å"construction, extraction, and maintenance† jobs but overrepresented in the service sector. Turns out the former employment sector pays quite a bit more than the latter service sector. Disparities Remain When All Else Is Equal Even when African Americans work in prestigious fields, they earn less than whites. Black Enterprise magazine conducted a study which found that blacks with degrees in computer networking and telecommunications will likely earn $54,000, while their white peers can expect to take home $56,000. The gap widens among architects. African American architects average a salary of $55,000, but white architects average $65,000. African Americans with degrees in management information systems and statistics are especially shortchanged. While they typically earn $56,000, whites in the field earn $12,000 more. How Women of Color Are Shortchanged Because they suffer from both racial and gender barriers, women of color experience more income inequality than others. When President Barack Obama declared April 17, 2012, â€Å"National Equal Pay Day,† he discussed the wage discrimination that minority female workers specifically face. He remarked, â€Å"In 2010- 47 years after President John F. Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act of 1963- women who worked full-time earned only 77 percent of what their male counterparts did. The pay gap was even greater for African American and Latina women, with African American women earning 64 cents and Latina women earning 56 cents for every dollar earned by a Caucasian man.† Given that more women of color head households than white women do, these discrepancies in pay are truly worrisome. President Obama said that equal pay is not only a basic right but also a necessity for women who serve as the primary breadwinners in their homes. It’s not just women of color who suffer from wage discrimination, of course. The Economic Policy Institute found that in 2008, black men earned just 71 percent of what Caucasian men earned. While black men earned on average $14.90 per hour, whites earned $20.84 per hour.

Proposal Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Proposal Argument - Essay Example The family therapist acknowledges that there is a diversity of family forms, such as nuclear, extended, cohabitation and same-sex, to name a few. It is also acknowledged that the different forms a family each have inherent strengths and weaknesses. Hence, the family therapist emphasises interventions that facilitate individuals to form social couples and households, or family groups. It is the aim of the family therapist to assist with relational development within the couple or household, and to support the learning of new ways to problem-solve. As a human service worker professional, the family therapist does not discriminate on grounds of gender, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, and religion or health status. To enable effective and efficient intervention, the family therapist needs to adhere to a theory that reflects their personal therapeutic philosophy. The social construction framework is useful to human service workers in the fields of family therapy and psychotherapy in that it allows practitioners to investigate and empower client’s creation of meaningful understandings of themselves and the wider world (Swann, 1999). The framework focuses on the key influences of sociocultural forces and the environmental context of human understanding, learning and accumulation of knowledge. Within family therapy this theory provides the therapist with a powerful ability to draw family members away from blaming each other for their behaviors, and placing these behaviors within a larger sociocultural context. For example, the Western values of independence, competition and profit contributing to the family to place pressure on their son to find gainful employment and to do better in life than what they have. In turn, the son has felt misunderstood, isolated and unable to achieve due to constant â€Å"failures† and has chosen to d rop out of society. Now living

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Souq waqif and Museum of islamic arts - Essay Example The museum of Islamic art is also another such building in Doha that employs traditional architecture, drawing its design from the Mosque of Ahmad ibn Tulun in Cairo. Traditional architecture is recognised today as a fortress of the past. With increased touristic activities, in Doha, Souq Waqif and the Museum of Islamic Art among other buildings serve as tourist destinations because of their artistic structural designs (Brebbia 301). The traditional architectural designs in the Arab world signify their suitability in the local environment that has incorporated the idea of sustainability. The increasing contemporary architectural designs are blending with the traditional designs to reflect the Qataris Islamic identity. Many of the buildings in Qatari are shifting to the traditional architectural patterns and styles that combine both traditionism and modernism. The new buildings are reproducing Qatari’s traditional architectural elements and styles, such as the museum of Islamic art, and old ones such as Souq Waqif that are rebranding to have that traditional outlook. The museum sits on an area of approximately 64 acres of an artificial island in the Doha cornice and a walking distance from the famous Souq Waqif. It was constructed in 2008 and opened its doors to the public in the same year. The island was created at the request of Mr. Pei, who was tasked to come up with the architectural design, whose main aim was to make the building stand out such that future buildings would never encroach it (Boussaa 62). The idea of the museum of Islamic art came after a series of tours around the globe studying Islamic architecture. Mr. Pei visited many places from the grand mosque in Cordoba Spain and the great mosque of Damascus where he found that climate and culture are very vital in interpreting Islamic architecture, although none of those

I don't know Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

I don't know - Essay Example â€Å"The Toxic Reef† portion of this side of the museum is rendered to serve public view an insight about the unfavorable effects of toxic wastes and the levels of toxicity that occur to induce stress on the underwater corals. Through certain architectural items mounted in the historic sites of the museum, it may be observed that such sculptures consist not only of the visual elements which artists had put to shape and form. Plant shelters like nests and moss-looking structures are embedded on the rigid pieces to serve the purpose of art and haven for birds and other small flying creatures that seek places of refuge. This beautiful scene is likely schemed to attract visitors not merely with the classic and modern concept of art but even with the sight of dynamic nature that goes well with it. A couple of fellow visitors have remarked about experiencing the sight and sound of lovely singing birds that seem to dwell in comfort among the architecturally built vast figures. In the conservation may also be found the â€Å"bee skep† which is said to be a conventional beehive patterned after the basic human invention of honeycomb made of an upside-down coiled basket. On the outside, the â€Å"bee skep† appears too plain for a viewer who would expect a more significant detail, but on actually getting real close to this exhibit, a specific unique smell lingers. At first, there emerges strange sense of odor in smelling the material from the inside but in a longer span such odor becomes interesting, as though an instant connection to understanding the habitat of bees is established. To this extent, a visitor realizes the essence of keeping the Indiana State Museum where, besides feasting on the delightful looks of human creations and versatile artistry, gaining of socio-environmental consciousness annexes cultural awareness. Consequently, the sentiment evolved for the pieces of

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow In Pakistan

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow In Pakistan CHAPTER 1 Foreign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999). Foreign investment proved as very important for the developing countries. In poor nations it is proves as significant driver of development. FDI provides many of the developing countries with great benefits which helped them in achieving their economic growth. Through foreign direct investment there will be many things which are coming to the developing nations. There will be inflow of foreign capital and funds which you can term as hot money coming to your country. This capital can be invested into your business sectors to make it more worthy and profitable. Secondly there will be transfer of skills and technical expertise as if their entrepreneurs will come into your country and combine all the factors of production so then after results will be greater and larger than before (Larkins and Dan, 1998). Foreign direct investment can affect the countrys economy in different ways. It can affect the GDP rate, exchange rates and government policies in different ways; the effects of foreign direct investment at GDP are very significant. In many countries it constitutes at higher percentages of GDP rates. When foreign investment comes to the country it means that the business activity flourishes in the economy. There will be more production taken place and more goods and services produced by whether incorporated or unincorporated companies, or individual firm or it can be group related to enterprises but in any case there will be more provision of goods as heavy investments are taking places in form of foreign direct investment. GDP is actually refers to the production of more goods in compare to the last year results so a countrys GDP will surely increases by foreign direct investment. Total output of the economy will be increased which increases the GDP level (Hoshi, Takeo, Anil, and Da vid, 1991). 1.2 Problem Statement To identify the relationship between interbank exchange rate, real GDP and Dummy variable with foreign direct investment inflow in Pakistan. 1.3 Research Hypothesis: H1: Inter Bank Exchange Rate has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. H2: Real GDP has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. H3: Democratic Government has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. 1.4 Outline of the study Foreign direct investment helps here those countries in carrying out their plans like Pakistan got assistance in running its steel mill operation etc. in this way foreign direct investment helps a lot third world countries. Foreign direct investment is basically the inflow of capital or investment from outside countries whether in shape of any kind of assistance or full operations like multinationals etc. foreign direct investment produce positive productivity effect on host countries. The main importance of this direct investment is that the adoption of the foreign technology, and gets to knew about many things through licensing agreements, imitation, employee trainings, process innovation, and link between foreign and domestic firms. There will be more job opportunities as in developing countries like Pakistan unemployment is a basic problem too which will be solved by the inflow of foreign direct investment. There will be not be only the employment of people but all factors will be employed if foreign investment will come. Many countries like China, Singapore, South Korea and Malaysia are depending on this foreign direct investment and are moving towards the development quickly. Factor employments will create income generation and through the multiplier effects the round of spending will make the economy proper and developed. There are many nations who are poor and they cannot carry out some of the plans needed in their country like extracting of some natural resources which is very expensive and needs heavy machinery. Foreign direct investment helps here those countries in carrying out their plans like Pakistan got assistance in running its steel mill operation etc. in this way foreign direct investment helps a lot third world countries. 1.5 Definitions Foreign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999). CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Foreign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999). Foreign investment also comprises of multinationals which open there operating branches in your countries and perform their business operations like production of goods and services so in USA inflow from multinationals also helps in creating trading activities like surpluses can be exports to outside countries to earn good amounts of foreign exchange which will appreciate your currency. Foreign direct investment resulted in 30% of the jobs in the manufacturing sectors. Inward FDI also led to the capital flow in USA which means higher productivity and living standards (Jaffee, Dwight, and Thomas, 1996). India is the second largest destination of FDI after China. It is been stated by the surveys of UNCTAD that India has been facing massive growth through Transaction Corporation. The areas which has been strengthen through the inflow of foreign direct investments are, telecommunication, information technology and other major areas like chemicals, apparels, auto components, jewelry and pharmaceuticals. There are high investments from Mauritius mainly due to the routing international funds through the country giving significant capital gain tax advantages; as tax will be treated between India and Mauritius so double taxation will be avoided. On the other hand Mauritius is capital gain tax heaven so there will be zero tax in FDI channel (Hoshi, Takeo, Anil, and David, 1991). FDI inflows into India reached a record $19.5 billion in fiscal year 2006-07 (April–March), according to the governments Secretariat for Industrial Assistance. This was double of US $7.8bn in the previous year. In 2008 FDI was more than $35bn. Government of India has created many incentives for the investors. The areas which need more relaxations were civil aviation, construction development, industrial parks, petroleum and natural gas, commodity exchanges, credit-information services and mining. Due to the foreign direct investment the economy of India is getting prosperous, economic growth is coming into effect. The potential to be an economic superpower is going to depend on how the government can create incentives for FDI flow across a large number of sectors in India. FDI is also hitting the country of Morocco with its affects. It is ranked among 4rth in foreign direct investment ranking, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Other 72 projec ts were also been approved in 2008 as statistics have shown. FDI increases the job opportunities to 40,023 which were direct and stable. Morocco is making many steps in making it clear destination for foreign direct investment which is really good for its economy and its people overall. Though there was a decline in foreign investment of 29% in 2008 due to the economic downturn but after then it will raised up to the level where it gets god image. The major investors of Morocco are European Union with France (1.86bln), Spain (783mln). Arab countries also invest in Morocco. In terms of sectors, tourism has the biggest share of investment with $1.55bln, which is 33% of the total FDI, followed by the real estate sector and the industrial sector, with respectively $930mln and $374mln (Harris and Ravenscraft, 2008). The best thing which is hit by foreign direct investment is the opportunity for the citizen of host country that is of employment and skills development. Through investment by companies of abroad business activity taken place in the country, more goods will be demanded so there will be more need of factors of production so that the demand will be meeting up. For this purpose more people will be employed by those companies and in return people enjoy good wages and higher living standards. Secondly to make the product internationally acceptable and of great quality many training programs are also been conducted which enhance the skills of the employees and their efficiency level (Dewenter, 2008). Resource flows to developing countries over the 1990s and has become a significant. Part of capital formation in the developing countries despite their share in global distribution of FDI continuing to remain small or even declining. The role of the foreign direct investment (FDI) has been widely recognized as a Growth-enhancing factor in the developing countries. The potential advantages of the FDI on the host economy are it promote the use and Exploitation of local raw materials, it enhances modern techniques of management and marketing, it eases the access to new technologies, hot capital inflow could be used for financing current account deficits, finance flows in form of FDI do not generate repayment of principal and interests (as opposed to external debt), it increases the stock of human capital via on the job training. FDI allows you to access the use of raw materials of the host country which means that it will promote its usage, a country can get absolute and comparative adv antages on the basis of it natural resources or any kind of material which can give it an edge. Secondly due to the foreign direct investment it is very sure that new technologies will be transfer to the host country and will make them more efficient and up to the international standards. Often multinationals carried out the training programs for the workers of host countries so in this case their expertise will be enhanced and their productivity will increase. If a country is facing current account deficit which means that its balance of payment position is worse and imports are higher than exports so here foreign direct investment plays an important role in financing your current account deficit (Harris and Ravenscraft, 2008). Hot inflow of money will offset your current account deficit with the flow of capital comes from outside countries in shape of inflow of foreign direct investment. That is how it affects your current account. The advantage of foreign direct investment is that it does not generate any interest payments or the return of principal amounts as opposed to the external debt. So in total foreign direct investment effect your GDP level, current account balance and your democratic government in different ways and mainly positive. Some negative effects of foreign direct investment are also here but that is depends on host government rules and regulations that how they strictly maintain the foreign direct investment into their favors (Froot and Stein, 1991). Foreign direct investment is basically the inflow of capital or investment from outside countries whether in shape of any kind of assistance or full operations like multinationals etc. foreign direct investment produce positive productivity effect on host countries. The main importance of this direct investment is that the adoption of the foreign technology, and gets to knew about many things through licensing agreements, imitation, employee trainings, process innovation, and link between foreign and domestic firms. Foreign direct investment directly linked with the economic development of the host country and it also give benefit to the base country as they can access raw materials, can avoid trade barriers, will be near to the markets, can take advantage of cheap labors and lack of rules in host countries. Due to benefits host countries and industrializes encourage foreign direct investment (Campa and Goldberg, 1995). It affects the economic growth by stimulating domestic investment, increasing human capital formation and by facilitating the technology transfer in the host countries. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has emerged as the most important source of external. Apart from exchange rates and GDP level inflow of foreign direct investment also effects your democratic government; like how they reshape their policies and incentives. Like if you investors are investing in your country they also will need some of the free hands incentives which will more attract them to invest. For this purpose the government of host country will be reshaping their policies somehow like low corporate and income tax rates, tax holidays will be given to them, special economic zones will be created, export processing zone will be come into existence, financial subsidies, infrastructure subsidies, RD supports and many other things to relax them so that they will invest more (Rodriguez, 1998). Besides all these foreign direct investment will be having great impact on GDP level. Local output will increase as more production of gods will be taken place. More production means that your country is having more number of commodities ever than before so real output is increasing means GDP level. Increase in GDP will surely have good effects on your economy. Economic growth will come into effect. More employment will be there and factor payments will lead to the multiplier effects which means more and more income generation and economy will reaches to its equilibrium level (Dewenter, 2008). Resource flows to developing countries over the 1990s and has become a significant Part of capital formation in the developing countries despite their share in global distribution of FDI continuing to remain small or even declining. The role of the foreign direct investment (FDI) has been widely recognized as a Growth-enhancing factor in the developing countries. The potential advantages of the FDI on the host economy are it promote the use and Exploitation of local raw materials, it enhances modern techniques of management and marketing, it eases the access to new technologies, hot capital inflow could be used for financing current account deficits, finance flows in form of FDI do not generate repayment of principal and interests (as opposed to external debt), it increases the stock of human capital via on the job training (Huang and Walkling, 1997). FDI allows you to access the use of raw materials of the host country which means that it will promote its usage, a country can get absolute and comparative advantages on the basis of it natural resources or any kind of material which can give it an edge. Secondly due to the foreign direct investment it is very sure that new technologies will be transfer to the host country and will make them more efficient and up to the international standards. Often multinationals carried out the training programs for the workers of host countries so in this case their expertise will be enhanced and their productivity will increase (Itagaki, 2000). If a country is facing current account deficit which means that its balance of payment position is worse and imports are higher than exports so here foreign direct investment plays an important role in financing your current account deficit. Hot inflow of money will offset your current account deficit with the flow of capital comes from outside countries in shape of inflow of foreign direct investment. That is how it affects your current account. The advantage of foreign direct investment is that it does nohat generate any interest payments or the return of principal amounts as opposed to the external debt. So in total foreign direct investment effect your GDP level, current account balance and your democratic government in different ways and mainly positive. Some negative effects of foreign direct investment are also here but that is depends on host government rules and regulations that how they strictly maintain the foreign direct investment into their favors (Craine, 1999). Economic growth may mean that we are using are scarce resources swiftly so that they can depleted. Oil, coal, metals other natural resources are in limited supply and can be run out if we use them so quickly. If they do run out then there can be no more capital goods, food supplies may diminish and the population of world may suffer but this can be control through conservation process. Conservation means that you saved up some amount of scarce resources for our future generation rather than consuming it all at once for present people so by it we can save for the upcoming people of the country (Klein and Rosengren, 1994). Foreign direct investment if comes in the country so that will be definitely mean that more and more factories will be opening in the host country or if it comes for the existing factories like extracting of some natural resources etc so that means expansion of those factories. More and more factories and business sites means that there is though more land is available to produce more goods and services but less for other activities like recreational activities or parks etc. these can also destroy the plants and animals. The solution to this problem is that government should restrict the areas where these factories can be located and only allow there to operate. Those areas should be keeping away from residential locations so that normal citizens should not get affected. Factories should be more on barren land and regions so that fertile lands and animals would not get affected too. Growth also comes with many benefits so government cannot stop it. The best thing in this situation go vernment tries to do is to achieve sustainable growth. Sustainable growth means that along with the foreign investment, which is coming into the country government should try to minimize the harmful effects and should maximize the benefits so that resources and further things can be secured for the upcoming generations too (Hartman, 1992). There are also some of the negative aspects of foreign direct investment. There are some issues which are related like operation, distribution of the profits made on the investment and the personnel.economic backward section is always get effected of the host country when foreign direct investment is negatively affected. It is the responsibility of the host country to limit the effect of the foreign direct investment. They should make sure that countries which are making foreign direct investments should abide all the laws relating to environmental, governance and social regulations that are laid down country. However there can be some negative effects of economic growth too, means higher and higher GDP can affect your economy and people in it in a different manner too. There can be an opportunity cost of growth; economic growth may achieved by producing more capital goods but at the expense of less consumer goods like television, fashionable clothes etc but this can be in short run as in long run people will be enjoying more and more consumer goods and higher living standards due to the sustainable growth which has been achieved (Baldwin and Krugman, 1999). CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD This chapter explains the methodology used for this research study. This study focused on finding the factors affecting inflows of foreign direct investment in Pakistan. A method is a tool that can help solve problem and research new knowledge. This chapter also gives the methods to evaluate validity and reliability of the research for the factors associated with direct investment in Pakistan. 3.1. Data used: This research was carried out through Secondary Data. 3.2. Method of data collection: Data of Foreign Direct Investment and Real GDP is collected through State Bank of Pakistan, website and from Economic Survey of Pakistan and Data for Interbank exchange rate was collected through different websites like www.Oanda.com and www.indexmundi.com. 3.3. Sample size: Sample data of last 39 years is to be taken. Data has been taken from the year 3.4. Statistical tool used: In order to measure the relationship between the To Identify the relationship between Interbank Exchange Rate, Real GDP, and Dummy variable with Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Regression is used as a statistical tool in this research. SPSS software is used to evaluate the relationship between the variables. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1. H1: Inter Bank Exchange Rate has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Table 4.1.1 The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable set will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue. Table 4.1.2 From the above table the beta value of the exchange rate is -4011.980 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the exchange rate and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set. Table 4.1.3 For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co-linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results. After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved. Table 4.1.4 From the above table the beta value of the exchange rate is -0.31 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the exchange rate and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved. 4.2. H2: Real GDP has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Table 4.2.1 The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue. Table 4.2.2 From the above table the beta value of the real GDP is 4243.439 means that there is a positive relationship exists among the real GDP and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not rejected. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set. Table 4.2.3 For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results. After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved. Table 4.2.4 From the above table the beta value of the real GDP is -.438 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the real GDP and FDI therefore hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved. 4.3. H3: Democratic Government has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Table 4.3.1 The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue. Table 4.3.2 From the above table the beta value of the dummy variable/democratic government is -17128.3 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the dummy variable/democratic government and FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not rejected. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set. Table 4.3.3 For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results. After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved. Table 4.3.4 From the above table the beta value of the dummy variable/democratic government is -.107 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the dummy variable/exchange rate and FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved. CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION,CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Conclusion: There were number of positive and negative effects of this foreign direct investment. The positive effects of foreign direct investment are; the investment means that foreign currency is coming into Pakistan. Whenever any company may be multinational invested in this country in terms of direct investment it means that they invested their currency into the country. It increased the foreign exchange reserves which are good for host country as they can be used in payments of debts or any kind of imports etc. Secondly more goods and services have produced and which can be exported to outside countries; so more foreign exchange can be earns through it. Foreign direct investment directly linked with the economic development of the host country and it also give benefit to the base country as they can access raw materials, can avoid trade barriers, will be near to the markets, can take advantage of cheap labors and lack of rules in host countries. Due to benefits host countries and industria lizes encourage foreign direct investment. Foreign investment proved as very important for the developing countries. In poor nations it is proves as significant driver of development. FDI provides many of the developing countries with great benefits which helped them in achieving their economic growth. Through foreign direct investment there will be many things which are coming to the developing nations. There will be inflow of foreign capital and funds which you can term as hot money coming to country. This capital can be invested into your business sectors to make it more worthy and profitable. Secondly there will be transfer of skills and technical expertise as if their entrepreneurs will come into your country and combine all the factors of production so then after results will be greater and larger than before. New technologies in shape of new capital equipments and software which can make factories totally automated will lower all the average costs and make it more efficient that it ever can be. Besides all of these sometimes local firms can also be squeeze out of the market due to the inferior equipment and much smaller resources than the large giants with foreign investments. This is the work of government that how they reshape their policies to bring in foreign direct investment into your favor and not letting down the overall economic conditions. Profits which may earn here can also be sent back to the base country rather than kept for the re investment in the host nations. Some multinationals also impose their cultures in the people of the host country. To avoid all this state should interfere with all the consumer protection laws, unfair competition, laws for employee protection, environment protection and also of location of industry. 5.2 Discussion and implication: Apart from these things when foreign investment comes into the country so then means that new opportunities could be created for many other firms too like they supply components and other things to the companies who are operating over here and has invested which will generate more employment and income for the citizens. Local firms can also be motivated to bring their quality up to the international standards as if they are supplying components to the multinationals. This thing will improve their productivity and it is good for the country so foreign direct investment is very beneficial. Foreign direct investment will bring in investments and hot inflow of money and capital along with the tax revenues for the government even after some exemptions. Companies or individuals who operate in your country after investment will pay some taxes to the government too. Government can re invest those revenues in other sectors for the welfare of the general public like in health or education sectors etc. 5.3 Future research: For future research, there are many advantages of high GDP rate like people can have more goods and services to consume; it will raise their living standards, secondly excess goods can be exported to outside countries so that foreign exchange can be earn through it. Higher GDP will give good image to the country in terms of many things; more and more foreign investors will come with their investments. People will be earning more so they can afford more other goods to purchase and secondly more incomes means more taxation for the government which it can spend on many other projects like schooling, health, defense, crime control etc. growth should result in improved standards of living in the country and higher profitability for the business. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow In Pakistan Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow In Pakistan CHAPTER 1 Foreign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999). Foreign investment proved as very important for the developing countries. In poor nations it is proves as significant driver of development. FDI provides many of the developing countries with great benefits which helped them in achieving their economic growth. Through foreign direct investment there will be many things which are coming to the developing nations. There will be inflow of foreign capital and funds which you can term as hot money coming to your country. This capital can be invested into your business sectors to make it more worthy and profitable. Secondly there will be transfer of skills and technical expertise as if their entrepreneurs will come into your country and combine all the factors of production so then after results will be greater and larger than before (Larkins and Dan, 1998). Foreign direct investment can affect the countrys economy in different ways. It can affect the GDP rate, exchange rates and government policies in different ways; the effects of foreign direct investment at GDP are very significant. In many countries it constitutes at higher percentages of GDP rates. When foreign investment comes to the country it means that the business activity flourishes in the economy. There will be more production taken place and more goods and services produced by whether incorporated or unincorporated companies, or individual firm or it can be group related to enterprises but in any case there will be more provision of goods as heavy investments are taking places in form of foreign direct investment. GDP is actually refers to the production of more goods in compare to the last year results so a countrys GDP will surely increases by foreign direct investment. Total output of the economy will be increased which increases the GDP level (Hoshi, Takeo, Anil, and Da vid, 1991). 1.2 Problem Statement To identify the relationship between interbank exchange rate, real GDP and Dummy variable with foreign direct investment inflow in Pakistan. 1.3 Research Hypothesis: H1: Inter Bank Exchange Rate has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. H2: Real GDP has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. H3: Democratic Government has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. 1.4 Outline of the study Foreign direct investment helps here those countries in carrying out their plans like Pakistan got assistance in running its steel mill operation etc. in this way foreign direct investment helps a lot third world countries. Foreign direct investment is basically the inflow of capital or investment from outside countries whether in shape of any kind of assistance or full operations like multinationals etc. foreign direct investment produce positive productivity effect on host countries. The main importance of this direct investment is that the adoption of the foreign technology, and gets to knew about many things through licensing agreements, imitation, employee trainings, process innovation, and link between foreign and domestic firms. There will be more job opportunities as in developing countries like Pakistan unemployment is a basic problem too which will be solved by the inflow of foreign direct investment. There will be not be only the employment of people but all factors will be employed if foreign investment will come. Many countries like China, Singapore, South Korea and Malaysia are depending on this foreign direct investment and are moving towards the development quickly. Factor employments will create income generation and through the multiplier effects the round of spending will make the economy proper and developed. There are many nations who are poor and they cannot carry out some of the plans needed in their country like extracting of some natural resources which is very expensive and needs heavy machinery. Foreign direct investment helps here those countries in carrying out their plans like Pakistan got assistance in running its steel mill operation etc. in this way foreign direct investment helps a lot third world countries. 1.5 Definitions Foreign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999). CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Foreign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999). Foreign investment also comprises of multinationals which open there operating branches in your countries and perform their business operations like production of goods and services so in USA inflow from multinationals also helps in creating trading activities like surpluses can be exports to outside countries to earn good amounts of foreign exchange which will appreciate your currency. Foreign direct investment resulted in 30% of the jobs in the manufacturing sectors. Inward FDI also led to the capital flow in USA which means higher productivity and living standards (Jaffee, Dwight, and Thomas, 1996). India is the second largest destination of FDI after China. It is been stated by the surveys of UNCTAD that India has been facing massive growth through Transaction Corporation. The areas which has been strengthen through the inflow of foreign direct investments are, telecommunication, information technology and other major areas like chemicals, apparels, auto components, jewelry and pharmaceuticals. There are high investments from Mauritius mainly due to the routing international funds through the country giving significant capital gain tax advantages; as tax will be treated between India and Mauritius so double taxation will be avoided. On the other hand Mauritius is capital gain tax heaven so there will be zero tax in FDI channel (Hoshi, Takeo, Anil, and David, 1991). FDI inflows into India reached a record $19.5 billion in fiscal year 2006-07 (April–March), according to the governments Secretariat for Industrial Assistance. This was double of US $7.8bn in the previous year. In 2008 FDI was more than $35bn. Government of India has created many incentives for the investors. The areas which need more relaxations were civil aviation, construction development, industrial parks, petroleum and natural gas, commodity exchanges, credit-information services and mining. Due to the foreign direct investment the economy of India is getting prosperous, economic growth is coming into effect. The potential to be an economic superpower is going to depend on how the government can create incentives for FDI flow across a large number of sectors in India. FDI is also hitting the country of Morocco with its affects. It is ranked among 4rth in foreign direct investment ranking, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Other 72 projec ts were also been approved in 2008 as statistics have shown. FDI increases the job opportunities to 40,023 which were direct and stable. Morocco is making many steps in making it clear destination for foreign direct investment which is really good for its economy and its people overall. Though there was a decline in foreign investment of 29% in 2008 due to the economic downturn but after then it will raised up to the level where it gets god image. The major investors of Morocco are European Union with France (1.86bln), Spain (783mln). Arab countries also invest in Morocco. In terms of sectors, tourism has the biggest share of investment with $1.55bln, which is 33% of the total FDI, followed by the real estate sector and the industrial sector, with respectively $930mln and $374mln (Harris and Ravenscraft, 2008). The best thing which is hit by foreign direct investment is the opportunity for the citizen of host country that is of employment and skills development. Through investment by companies of abroad business activity taken place in the country, more goods will be demanded so there will be more need of factors of production so that the demand will be meeting up. For this purpose more people will be employed by those companies and in return people enjoy good wages and higher living standards. Secondly to make the product internationally acceptable and of great quality many training programs are also been conducted which enhance the skills of the employees and their efficiency level (Dewenter, 2008). Resource flows to developing countries over the 1990s and has become a significant. Part of capital formation in the developing countries despite their share in global distribution of FDI continuing to remain small or even declining. The role of the foreign direct investment (FDI) has been widely recognized as a Growth-enhancing factor in the developing countries. The potential advantages of the FDI on the host economy are it promote the use and Exploitation of local raw materials, it enhances modern techniques of management and marketing, it eases the access to new technologies, hot capital inflow could be used for financing current account deficits, finance flows in form of FDI do not generate repayment of principal and interests (as opposed to external debt), it increases the stock of human capital via on the job training. FDI allows you to access the use of raw materials of the host country which means that it will promote its usage, a country can get absolute and comparative adv antages on the basis of it natural resources or any kind of material which can give it an edge. Secondly due to the foreign direct investment it is very sure that new technologies will be transfer to the host country and will make them more efficient and up to the international standards. Often multinationals carried out the training programs for the workers of host countries so in this case their expertise will be enhanced and their productivity will increase. If a country is facing current account deficit which means that its balance of payment position is worse and imports are higher than exports so here foreign direct investment plays an important role in financing your current account deficit (Harris and Ravenscraft, 2008). Hot inflow of money will offset your current account deficit with the flow of capital comes from outside countries in shape of inflow of foreign direct investment. That is how it affects your current account. The advantage of foreign direct investment is that it does not generate any interest payments or the return of principal amounts as opposed to the external debt. So in total foreign direct investment effect your GDP level, current account balance and your democratic government in different ways and mainly positive. Some negative effects of foreign direct investment are also here but that is depends on host government rules and regulations that how they strictly maintain the foreign direct investment into their favors (Froot and Stein, 1991). Foreign direct investment is basically the inflow of capital or investment from outside countries whether in shape of any kind of assistance or full operations like multinationals etc. foreign direct investment produce positive productivity effect on host countries. The main importance of this direct investment is that the adoption of the foreign technology, and gets to knew about many things through licensing agreements, imitation, employee trainings, process innovation, and link between foreign and domestic firms. Foreign direct investment directly linked with the economic development of the host country and it also give benefit to the base country as they can access raw materials, can avoid trade barriers, will be near to the markets, can take advantage of cheap labors and lack of rules in host countries. Due to benefits host countries and industrializes encourage foreign direct investment (Campa and Goldberg, 1995). It affects the economic growth by stimulating domestic investment, increasing human capital formation and by facilitating the technology transfer in the host countries. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has emerged as the most important source of external. Apart from exchange rates and GDP level inflow of foreign direct investment also effects your democratic government; like how they reshape their policies and incentives. Like if you investors are investing in your country they also will need some of the free hands incentives which will more attract them to invest. For this purpose the government of host country will be reshaping their policies somehow like low corporate and income tax rates, tax holidays will be given to them, special economic zones will be created, export processing zone will be come into existence, financial subsidies, infrastructure subsidies, RD supports and many other things to relax them so that they will invest more (Rodriguez, 1998). Besides all these foreign direct investment will be having great impact on GDP level. Local output will increase as more production of gods will be taken place. More production means that your country is having more number of commodities ever than before so real output is increasing means GDP level. Increase in GDP will surely have good effects on your economy. Economic growth will come into effect. More employment will be there and factor payments will lead to the multiplier effects which means more and more income generation and economy will reaches to its equilibrium level (Dewenter, 2008). Resource flows to developing countries over the 1990s and has become a significant Part of capital formation in the developing countries despite their share in global distribution of FDI continuing to remain small or even declining. The role of the foreign direct investment (FDI) has been widely recognized as a Growth-enhancing factor in the developing countries. The potential advantages of the FDI on the host economy are it promote the use and Exploitation of local raw materials, it enhances modern techniques of management and marketing, it eases the access to new technologies, hot capital inflow could be used for financing current account deficits, finance flows in form of FDI do not generate repayment of principal and interests (as opposed to external debt), it increases the stock of human capital via on the job training (Huang and Walkling, 1997). FDI allows you to access the use of raw materials of the host country which means that it will promote its usage, a country can get absolute and comparative advantages on the basis of it natural resources or any kind of material which can give it an edge. Secondly due to the foreign direct investment it is very sure that new technologies will be transfer to the host country and will make them more efficient and up to the international standards. Often multinationals carried out the training programs for the workers of host countries so in this case their expertise will be enhanced and their productivity will increase (Itagaki, 2000). If a country is facing current account deficit which means that its balance of payment position is worse and imports are higher than exports so here foreign direct investment plays an important role in financing your current account deficit. Hot inflow of money will offset your current account deficit with the flow of capital comes from outside countries in shape of inflow of foreign direct investment. That is how it affects your current account. The advantage of foreign direct investment is that it does nohat generate any interest payments or the return of principal amounts as opposed to the external debt. So in total foreign direct investment effect your GDP level, current account balance and your democratic government in different ways and mainly positive. Some negative effects of foreign direct investment are also here but that is depends on host government rules and regulations that how they strictly maintain the foreign direct investment into their favors (Craine, 1999). Economic growth may mean that we are using are scarce resources swiftly so that they can depleted. Oil, coal, metals other natural resources are in limited supply and can be run out if we use them so quickly. If they do run out then there can be no more capital goods, food supplies may diminish and the population of world may suffer but this can be control through conservation process. Conservation means that you saved up some amount of scarce resources for our future generation rather than consuming it all at once for present people so by it we can save for the upcoming people of the country (Klein and Rosengren, 1994). Foreign direct investment if comes in the country so that will be definitely mean that more and more factories will be opening in the host country or if it comes for the existing factories like extracting of some natural resources etc so that means expansion of those factories. More and more factories and business sites means that there is though more land is available to produce more goods and services but less for other activities like recreational activities or parks etc. these can also destroy the plants and animals. The solution to this problem is that government should restrict the areas where these factories can be located and only allow there to operate. Those areas should be keeping away from residential locations so that normal citizens should not get affected. Factories should be more on barren land and regions so that fertile lands and animals would not get affected too. Growth also comes with many benefits so government cannot stop it. The best thing in this situation go vernment tries to do is to achieve sustainable growth. Sustainable growth means that along with the foreign investment, which is coming into the country government should try to minimize the harmful effects and should maximize the benefits so that resources and further things can be secured for the upcoming generations too (Hartman, 1992). There are also some of the negative aspects of foreign direct investment. There are some issues which are related like operation, distribution of the profits made on the investment and the personnel.economic backward section is always get effected of the host country when foreign direct investment is negatively affected. It is the responsibility of the host country to limit the effect of the foreign direct investment. They should make sure that countries which are making foreign direct investments should abide all the laws relating to environmental, governance and social regulations that are laid down country. However there can be some negative effects of economic growth too, means higher and higher GDP can affect your economy and people in it in a different manner too. There can be an opportunity cost of growth; economic growth may achieved by producing more capital goods but at the expense of less consumer goods like television, fashionable clothes etc but this can be in short run as in long run people will be enjoying more and more consumer goods and higher living standards due to the sustainable growth which has been achieved (Baldwin and Krugman, 1999). CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD This chapter explains the methodology used for this research study. This study focused on finding the factors affecting inflows of foreign direct investment in Pakistan. A method is a tool that can help solve problem and research new knowledge. This chapter also gives the methods to evaluate validity and reliability of the research for the factors associated with direct investment in Pakistan. 3.1. Data used: This research was carried out through Secondary Data. 3.2. Method of data collection: Data of Foreign Direct Investment and Real GDP is collected through State Bank of Pakistan, website and from Economic Survey of Pakistan and Data for Interbank exchange rate was collected through different websites like www.Oanda.com and www.indexmundi.com. 3.3. Sample size: Sample data of last 39 years is to be taken. Data has been taken from the year 3.4. Statistical tool used: In order to measure the relationship between the To Identify the relationship between Interbank Exchange Rate, Real GDP, and Dummy variable with Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Regression is used as a statistical tool in this research. SPSS software is used to evaluate the relationship between the variables. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1. H1: Inter Bank Exchange Rate has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Table 4.1.1 The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable set will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue. Table 4.1.2 From the above table the beta value of the exchange rate is -4011.980 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the exchange rate and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set. Table 4.1.3 For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co-linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results. After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved. Table 4.1.4 From the above table the beta value of the exchange rate is -0.31 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the exchange rate and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved. 4.2. H2: Real GDP has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Table 4.2.1 The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue. Table 4.2.2 From the above table the beta value of the real GDP is 4243.439 means that there is a positive relationship exists among the real GDP and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not rejected. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set. Table 4.2.3 For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results. After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved. Table 4.2.4 From the above table the beta value of the real GDP is -.438 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the real GDP and FDI therefore hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved. 4.3. H3: Democratic Government has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Table 4.3.1 The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue. Table 4.3.2 From the above table the beta value of the dummy variable/democratic government is -17128.3 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the dummy variable/democratic government and FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not rejected. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set. Table 4.3.3 For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results. After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved. Table 4.3.4 From the above table the beta value of the dummy variable/democratic government is -.107 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the dummy variable/exchange rate and FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved. CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION,CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Conclusion: There were number of positive and negative effects of this foreign direct investment. The positive effects of foreign direct investment are; the investment means that foreign currency is coming into Pakistan. Whenever any company may be multinational invested in this country in terms of direct investment it means that they invested their currency into the country. It increased the foreign exchange reserves which are good for host country as they can be used in payments of debts or any kind of imports etc. Secondly more goods and services have produced and which can be exported to outside countries; so more foreign exchange can be earns through it. Foreign direct investment directly linked with the economic development of the host country and it also give benefit to the base country as they can access raw materials, can avoid trade barriers, will be near to the markets, can take advantage of cheap labors and lack of rules in host countries. Due to benefits host countries and industria lizes encourage foreign direct investment. Foreign investment proved as very important for the developing countries. In poor nations it is proves as significant driver of development. FDI provides many of the developing countries with great benefits which helped them in achieving their economic growth. Through foreign direct investment there will be many things which are coming to the developing nations. There will be inflow of foreign capital and funds which you can term as hot money coming to country. This capital can be invested into your business sectors to make it more worthy and profitable. Secondly there will be transfer of skills and technical expertise as if their entrepreneurs will come into your country and combine all the factors of production so then after results will be greater and larger than before. New technologies in shape of new capital equipments and software which can make factories totally automated will lower all the average costs and make it more efficient that it ever can be. Besides all of these sometimes local firms can also be squeeze out of the market due to the inferior equipment and much smaller resources than the large giants with foreign investments. This is the work of government that how they reshape their policies to bring in foreign direct investment into your favor and not letting down the overall economic conditions. Profits which may earn here can also be sent back to the base country rather than kept for the re investment in the host nations. Some multinationals also impose their cultures in the people of the host country. To avoid all this state should interfere with all the consumer protection laws, unfair competition, laws for employee protection, environment protection and also of location of industry. 5.2 Discussion and implication: Apart from these things when foreign investment comes into the country so then means that new opportunities could be created for many other firms too like they supply components and other things to the companies who are operating over here and has invested which will generate more employment and income for the citizens. Local firms can also be motivated to bring their quality up to the international standards as if they are supplying components to the multinationals. This thing will improve their productivity and it is good for the country so foreign direct investment is very beneficial. Foreign direct investment will bring in investments and hot inflow of money and capital along with the tax revenues for the government even after some exemptions. Companies or individuals who operate in your country after investment will pay some taxes to the government too. Government can re invest those revenues in other sectors for the welfare of the general public like in health or education sectors etc. 5.3 Future research: For future research, there are many advantages of high GDP rate like people can have more goods and services to consume; it will raise their living standards, secondly excess goods can be exported to outside countries so that foreign exchange can be earn through it. Higher GDP will give good image to the country in terms of many things; more and more foreign investors will come with their investments. People will be earning more so they can afford more other goods to purchase and secondly more incomes means more taxation for the government which it can spend on many other projects like schooling, health, defense, crime control etc. growth should result in improved standards of living in the country and higher profitability for the business.